INTRODUCTION Butterflies occupy a crucial position in terrestrial ecosystems and contribute significantly to ecological functioning. During their larval stage, butterflies are phytophagous, feeding selectively on host plants and thereby influencing…
Introduction: Spiders constitute a significant part of the biodiversity found within this extensive and varied natural environment. They play an important role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem. The…
INTRODUCTION The Northeast of India, a portion of the Eastern Himalaya, is considered the most important biodiversity hotspot on the planet (1,2); however, it has not yet been explored properly…
Introduction: Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) represent one of nature’s most fascinating bioluminescent taxa, exhibiting light production that serves both ecological and evolutionary roles in communication, reproduction, and defense [1]. Globally, over…
INTRODUCTION Using phototrophic bacteria, treating waste water is a feasible prospect [1]. Waste treatment and utilization are economically feasible and crucial steps in reducing environmental pollution. However, this method only…