INTRODUCTION Butterflies occupy a crucial position in terrestrial ecosystems and contribute significantly to ecological functioning. During their larval stage, butterflies are phytophagous, feeding selectively on host plants and thereby influencing…
INTRODUCTION Freshwater ecosystems, including lakes, ponds, reservoirs, rivers, and wetlands, represent some of the most productive and biologically diverse environments on Earth. Although these ecosystems occupy less than 1% of…
Introduction Pollination is a fundamental ecological process that ensures the sexual reproduction of flowering plants and contributes significantly to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem resilience, and global food security. In agricultural ecosystems,…
INTRODUCTION Pulses constitute an important component of the human diet and serve as a major source of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, sugars, vitamins, and essential minerals, particularly in developing countries [1].…
Introduction A key element of forest ecosystems, non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are essential to the livelihoods of populations that depend on forests. In areas like the forested areas of Maharashtra's…
Introduction The rhizosphere represents a specialized soil interface where plant root exudates selectively promote distinct microbial assemblages, thereby modulating essential nutrient cycling and plant health [1]. However, prolonged monoculture practices…
Introduction Worldwide, breast cancer is the most commonly occurring form of cancer and one of the top three leading causes of cancer-related death in women. Although there are huge steps…
Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the predominant form of primary liver cancer and remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide because of its increasing incidence, poor prognosis,…
Introduction Freshwater rivers are essential for drinking water, agriculture, ecosystem functioning, and socioeconomic development [1]. The Ganga River originates from the Gangotri Glacier (Gaumukh) in the Himalayas and flows approximately…
INTRODUCTION Background and Significance In recent years, nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative frontier in biological and material sciences, with metal-based nanoparticles occupying a central position in biomedical, environmental, and…