Introduction In a broad sense, biodiversity represents the comprehensive assembly of species, populations, and ecological communities that exist within both natural and human-managed environments. This biological variety spans diverse landscapes,…
Introduction The global human population in 2025 is estimated to range between 8.1 and 8.2 billion, reflecting the continued pattern of steady demographic growth observed over recent decades. Projections from…
Introduction On December 31, 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) office in China was notified of several cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology (unknown cause) detected in the city of…
Introduction Iodine is an essential trace element for thyroid function, particularly in the synthesis of thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine T3 and thyroxine T4), which play a role in regulating the body’s…
Introduction Riparian zones are ecotonal landscapes situated at the interface of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The term “riparian,” derived from the Latin riparius meaning “river bank,” refers to land and…
INTRODUCTION The Northeast of India, a portion of the Eastern Himalaya, is considered the most important biodiversity hotspot on the planet (1,2); however, it has not yet been explored properly…
Introduction: Tourism in the Himalayan region is renowned worldwide for its exceptional natural landscapes, biodiversity, and cultural heritage [21, 1]. Jammu and Kashmir, situated in the western Himalayas, has…
Introduction Teak (Tectona grandis) emerges as a leading species for plantation initiatives, particularly in India, owing to its significant economic value in timber production [1]. Besides their economic role, forests…
Introduction The genus, Plagiochila (Dumort.) Dumortier is a large and complex genus having a greater degree of plasticity in plant size, shape of the leaf, and pattern of dentition. In…
Introduction Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils has emerged as a critical environmental challenge due to rapid industrialisation, mining activities, improper waste disposal, and the long-term use of metal-based agrochemicals.…