Vegetable Antioxidants- Way to Improve Human Health
Jagarlamudi Nethra* , Eggadi Ramesh
Department of Horticulture, MSSSoA, CUTM, Parlakhemundi, Odisha, India
Corresponding Author Email: jagarlamudinethra20@gmail.com
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7541850
Abstract
Heterosis refers to a hybrid’s superiority or inferiority over both parents. Heterosis is regarded as one of the most significant advances in crop plant science. Kolreuter was the first to study fake tobacco (Nicotiana spp.) hybrids in 1673. Charles Darwin initially described heterosis in 1876, concluding that hybrids of different plant kinds were extremely vigorous. Shull and East both recommended heterosis breeding as an alternate plant breeding strategy in 1908. Shull later defined ‘heterosis’ as the developmental stimulation arising from the union of various gametes, and ‘hybrid vigour’ as the manifestation of heterosis effects in 1914. Hayes and Jones discovered hybrid vigour in cucumber for fruit size and number for the first time in 1916 (2). Munger was also the first to mention the possibility of using F1 hybrids in muskmelon in 1942. IARI, New Delhi, reported the first instance of hybrid chilli in India. Then, in India, a continuous hybridization programme will be implemented.
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In modernization, eating habits are more shifted towards better taste and palatability and less on nutritiveness so the problems like fastened aging, cardiovascular disorders, chronic diseases, and autoimmune diseases, etc. are getting increased day by day and even today some people unknowingly and carelessly keeping their diet until they get affected. But in recent times, health is a concern, and people are shifting towards healthy dietary habits due to the fear of different diseases and disorders as these antioxidants make a huge impact on human health. Antioxidants are natural compounds that protect cells in the human body from damage caused by free radicals and other compounds. These are present in the form of phytochemicals among different vegetables and some fruits, with some crops having higher levels.
Free radicals- What and How?
The scientific definition of free radicals is a molecule or atom having one or more unpaired electrons in its orbit. In the human body, mainly oxygen-derived free radicals are seen affecting health. These free radicals try to stabilize in the human body by robbing electrons from the stable molecules nearby thus causing a chain reaction by one robbing others nearby molecules this reaction causes a disaster by initiating lipid peroxidation and that leading to disintegration, breakage of cell membranes and also causing oxidation reactions of cellular compounds like proteins, lipids, and DNA (Halliwell et al., 1995). According to Ames (1983), this oxidation causes the human body serious illness and reduces its natural capability to prevent aging.
How Free radicals originated?
Free radicals are formed in the human body due to natural processes like metabolism and also by the immune system sometimes to combat microbes and also due to air pollution, radiation, smoking, alcohol, fried foods, pesticides, and food adulterants.
How do Antioxidants stop free radicals?
The antioxidants stop the occurrence of the reaction by donating their electrons to the free radicals.
Vegetables rich in Antioxidants:
Other than improving human health antioxidants are also used in food preservation but as long as talking about human health vegetables play a major role by having different phenolic compounds like Ascorbic acid, carotenoids, other pigments, and flavonoids.
All leafy greens like kale, and spinach as well as cruciferous vegetables like broccoli and cauliflower are rich sources of antioxidants along with other vitamins like Vitamin A and Vitamin C. The cruciferous members are rich in antioxidants due to the presence of glucosinolates which break down in the body to form isothiocyanates and have anti-cancer properties. The Chinese cabbage i.e. Pak Choi also has high antioxidant properties against hypochlorite ions.
Another vegetable crop high in antioxidants is the Solanaceae family of vegetables such as tomato, Brinjal, and Pepper. These vegetables are rich in a compound called lycopene, which has been shown to have powerful antioxidant properties. Lycopene is not broken down even in storage and also after cooking. Lycopene is thought to help protect the skin from damage caused by UV rays, as well as reduce the risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer.
Both Chilli and Capsicum is also rich source of ascorbic acids along with capsaicinoids present in the pericarp having antioxidant properties.
Among the cucurbits refreshing fruits like watermelon and muskmelon are also rich sources of vitamins like C and A, lycopene, and carotenoids so making a rich source of antioxidants.
Red Onions are also a rich source of antioxidants which are used in almost all dishes in the country.
It is also found that carrots are having the best antioxidant properties even after cooking due to the presence of carotenoids, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, and tocopherols along with the phenolics such as coumaric and caffeic acids.
Legumes like French bean has phenolic, and phytic agents, and ascorbic acids act well against free radicals.
The other leafy vegetables like drumstick, curry leaf, amaranthus, fenugreek, lettuce, spinach, etc. are also having rich antioxidant compounds which help improve human health.
Conclusion:
Having a diet rich in antioxidants can have many health benefits. Eating a variety of these vegetables can ensure an adequate intake of antioxidants and a healthy diet. So as per ICMR guidelines, each individual must consume 300g of vegetables daily for a healthy life. People should stop looking at the doctor after they get diseases but they should get themselves checked and get a proper diet plan from a certified nutritionist as one says “Prevention is better than cure”.
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